American Research Journal of Orthopedics and Traumatology

Compartment syndrome is developed by a build-up of pressure in an enclosed space in the body, and can be caused by trauma, medical conditions that alter fluid balance, exercise, or can be iatrogenic. A decrease in the microcirculation pressure gradient causes local ischemia, making compartment syndrome a true medical and surgical emergency often requiring a fasciotomy to reduce intra-compartmental pressures and restore microscopic flow. A 22-year-old female presented with bilateral upper extremity pain and swelling after vigorous exercise and her exam revealed a decreased range of motion, tense skin over the affected areas, as well as rising CPK levels, which led to the early diagnosis of acute compartment syndrome. Surgical release was immediately performed bilaterally with delayed primary closure. The patient regained full function and range of motion in both arms, without any short or long-term complications. Acute compartment syndrome is a limb-threatening emergency. Rapid diagnosis and early surgical treatment with fasciotomy is necessary to regain function and circulation to the affected area, and effectively save the limb. Delayed diagnosis and/or surgical treatment puts the patient and the affected limb at risk, and even with eventual treatment, allows for the development of complications such as Volkmann’s contractures and acute renal failure.