Meissner Effect (1933) Re-Explained by Gill’s Electronic Theory of Magnetism (1964)
Abstract
Abstract: Curie point is reached according to Gill’s electronic theory of magnetism (1964) because of the
increased inter-atomic distance at a certain high temperature for a particular metal which makes it
impossible for some exposed electrons of a ferromagnetic atom to latch onto the exposed protons of the
next atom to cause magnetization. This Curie point could be increased by applying a stronger external
magnetic field.
Meissner effect (1933) refers to the expulsion or squeezing out of an otherwise constant total magnetic flux
from within the magnet to the outside on cooling of the magnet to a critical temperature as it results in
less internal space. It will be shown that the concept of internal plus external magnetic flux as a constant is
wrong and an alternative explanation will be presented to explain the Meissner experiment results
obtained in 1933 with the help of Gill’s electronic theory of magnetism (the re-explained Meissner effect).
Gill’s electronic theory of magnetism shows that the reduced inter-atomic distance of the magnetized
chain inside the magnetized tin cylinder on cooling will result in a greater number of electrons of one
atom to latch onto the protons of the next atom and so on. This increased magnetic force of attraction
between exposed electrons and protons of adjacent magnetized atoms will prevent any expulsion of the
increased intra-magnetic force along its length. There is greater magnetization of the tin cylinders resultant
magnetic poles at the two ends due to reduced inter-atomic distance due to cooling resulting in the
development of a stronger external magnetic force around the tin cylinder, with no change in the external
applied external magnetic force and this is the correct Meissner effect.
Levitation of the electron dependent north magnetic pole of a magnet in the Meissner experiment due to a
dense layer of electrons on the tin surface will be addressed.
Superconductivity will be explained by super-cooling leading to a greatly reduced inter-atomic distance
leading to easy flow of the free outer valence electrons as they are experiencing near zero resistance
while flowing from one atom to the next. These outer free electrons in a superconducting supercooled
state will experience equal force from neighboring consecutive proton masses of consecutive atoms and
thus are able to move freely with zero resistance.
