American Research Journal of History and Culture

Emmanuel Yenkong Sobseh, PhD1, Charles Nda Agbor, PhD1, Innocent Atehghang Afuhnghang, PhD2

The British Southern Cameroons with plethora of post-plebiscite challenges, was a mandate of the League of Nations (1922 - 1945) and later, a trusteeship territory of the United Nations (1945-1961) handed to Britain to administer after Germany was defeated by the allied forces in the First and the Second World Wars. The paper argues that, the political future of the British Southern Cameroons was not decided until the plebiscite of 1961 that was supervised and conducted under the supervision of the United Nations. The October 1961 reunification with French Cameroun and the challenges associated with United Nations post-plebiscite in British Southern Cameroons were responsible for some of the ethnic tensions, conflicts and dilemmas faced by post-independence Cameroon. The study argues that, these challenges which include the return to federation, the nature of the state, the desire to force Britain and United Nations to address the challenges face by British Southern Cameroons, quest for independence by Southern Cameroonians, solve the Anglophone Crisis, tackle the problem of secession, the mismanagement of West Cameroon’s patrimony and Constitutional issues must be addressed for peace to return in Cameroon. Using primary and secondary sources and based on the recommendations advanced, the paper concludes that except these problems are addressed, political conflicts and ethnic tensions will continue to characterize ethnic relations in Cameroon. 

Emily Xu

This essay examines the ways in which people’s lives and deeds are influenced by their religious beliefs regarding the hereafter, specifically in the context of Ancient Egyptian, Hindu, and Christian traditions. It argues that living in the present moment is more important than placing the emphasis on an unknown afterlife. The essay emphasizes the significance of living in the present rather than being concerned about the prospect of life after death using examples across different religions.

Sustaita Antonio, Sustaita Valerio Liuva, Ochoa Marisol, Cisneros José Luis

Violence in contemporary Mexico is displayed according to two models: the scenery and the mass grave. The first part of this paper examines the definition of these models. This exploration bases its existing differences between a model full of evidence, and one without any piece of evidence. The second of the paper shows the effects of the absence-model in Mexican political life. 

Yuanyuan Zhao

Throughout the nineteenth century, the United States has witnessed profound changes in societal values, which was due in part to the influence of governmental initiatives aimed at shaping moral education and addressing mental health. These efforts not only impacted individual behaviors, they also sculpted the collective consciousness of American society as a whole. In the 1800 and 1900s, governmental agendas mostly focused on moral education, which formed social perceptions of right and wrong. At the same time, mental illnesses were often stigmatized and poorly understood and were either addressed by neglect or institutionalization by the government. Both moral education and mental health policies highlighted the role of government in shaping the social norms and individual well-being. By evaluating the interplay between the promotion of moral education by the government and its response to mental health challenges in 19th century America, moral education emerges from the mental health condition, people were more willinging to conform in the years following people are more behaved and face the post war sequel after WWII better within the society.

Jilo Wolde Bulcha

Like many other ethnic groups in Ethiopia, the origin and history of the Burji people is relatively unknown, making their culture susceptible to subjective interpretations by a coterie of scholars who have studied them. Due to this fact, studies of the Burji people have generally suffered from the opposite defects of insulation and extrapolation. The Burji are Cushitic people who are producers of‘Teff’ and ‘Buraa Burjee’/Haricot beans) in South Ethiopia region. Farming, livestock rising and trade constitute the major economic activities of the Burji. In farming they are as clever as the neighboring people of Konso and they are also clever trader who runs the highest economic activities in Kenya. However, their history, culture, values and indigenous knowledge have not yet studied and documented properly. Thus, the main objective of this paper was to assess the history and culture of Burji People in Ethiopia. Meanwhile, the specific objectives of this study were assessing the history, language and religious beliefs of Burji people. To that end, this study has employed descriptive and explanatory research designs and qualitative research approach that had involved asking participants about their experiences of things that happen in their lives. Besides, both primary and secondary sources of data were used and the primary data were collected through structured and unstructured interview and focus group discussion. Concerning this, Elders, Clan Chiefs, and Olcho(Province) leaders were important respondents who had offered necessary information in this paper. To select the respondents the researcher has used purposive sampling technique where the elders, representatives of the indigenous governance system (Woma, Dayna, Masha, Jal’aba and Hayoo) and state officials of traditional governance were the core participants of this study. At the end, the research finds Liban was the most acceptable original place of Burji in history and Dhasshatee is the language of Burji people. Also, Burji believe in DhetHila’aleyWonnto(one sky God), common ancestors and sprits.

Jock Matthew Agai

A number of mummified bodies have been found and studied to ascertain the methods and the types of chemicals used for preserving the dead. There seemed to be no specific method of mummification in ancient Egypt because the practice was different from one Egyptian period and region unto the other. There is a need to elucidate the general practice of mumification. The knowledge of the ancient Egyptian practice of mummification may help in the modern practice of embalmment. This research is first, an explanation of the concept of mummification as it was practiced in ancient Egypt; second, the researcher targets the primary reasons behind the Egyptians practice of mummification. The primary reason for this research is to inquire about the motives or intentions behind the Egyptian varied step-by-step rituals for mummification. The researcher promoted the view according to which mummification was a precursor for the evolution of the beliefs that death is a journey. The beliefs also helped in the gradual sophistication of mummification rituals from one Egyptian period unto the other