American Research Journal of History and Culture

Raymond Dai

This paper examines why individuals lack data privacy on the Internet, and it does so by exploring the ways in which constitutional and statute law fail to provide adequate privacy protections—even when rights to privacy are intended. As the author argues, there are three main reasons for the scarcity of Internet data privacy: first, the law lacks a sufficient definition of data privacy. Second, existing laws and statutes regarding the right to data privacy have inherent flaws and loopholes. Third, the modern era of web design is inconvenient for users and leads to an unfair engagement of contracts, which in turn, gives users little choice but to expose their data to third parties.

Patrick Jing

Abortion became an incendiary political as a topic in late 1990s after the rise of Christian evangelicals and their influence over conservative politics. The combination of the Republican party, conservative thinkers, anti-abortion evangelicals created the powerful political group called “ the religious right.” The growing influence of the religious right was fostered first by President Jimmy Carter before expanding dramatically with Ronald Reagan’s election. The federalist society and Reagan’s desire for a more conservative U.S. Supreme Court, combined with the Federalist Society, a political interest group that channeled and magnified the influence of the religious right, led to the domination of conservative values and judges, like Antonin Scalia, who shared right beliefs and by extension the religious leaders who supported them, across the American judiciary

Yunji Li

To what extent does a codified constitution impact liberty within a society? What would happen to liberty in a society of one, a society of two, and a society of three? Would a codified constitution carry any meaning? By examining the regime, religion, and the size of the society in China, Russia, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Iran, this study exemplifies that a codified constitution cannot help or hinder liberty, but the political regime and the role of religion can. Through analyzing the size of society in Robinson Crusoe, 1984, and the island life of Marty Bluewater, the theory has been brought up that a constitution would be meaningless in a one-person society; a two-person society would be a real society; a constitution can impact a three-person society as a legal instrument.

Qingyi (Alice) Liu

With knowledge of three languages, Doña Marina formed a linguistic link between the Spanish and the Nahuatls during the Spanish Conquest. Despite her critical position, historical narratives tend to obscure, if not omit, records of her presence. This paper aims to spotlight her complex role: forfeiting her liberty over her personhood upon enslavement while instituting power as she controlled communication across language and culture. As she did not leave any written records of herself, attempts to reconstruct her identity entail examinations of sources written her eyewitnesses – both Spanish and Nahuatl, literary and visual. While many studies have analyzed the role she played as a linguistic mediator, this paper demonstrates that her role was much more extensive. Doña Marina’s diverse characterizations across historical narratives reflect efforts by sectors of the Spanish and the Nahuatl populations to institute power during the 16th century colonial encounter. Aligned with other decolonial projects, this paper works against the tendency to simplify the Spanish Nahuatl colonial encounter as a dichotomy of conquest and resistance.

Pan Li-na, Guo Xiao-chun

Due to the emphasis on simplicity and symmetry, ancient Chinese documents often use a large number of allusions and connotation extension techniques. The expression of the theme is more euphemistic, and the technique of expressing one’s mind directly is rare. This brings great difficulty to foreign readers in reading and understanding. The thought and connotation expressed by a few words are very rich. This richness is not in the text, but outside the text. Therefore, the function of cultural interpretation plays a vital role in the understanding of ancient Chinese documents. It is its existence that ensures the intelligibility of ancient documents in translation. 

Patrick Jing

The United Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) and the United States (US) led the Space Race during the 20th century at the height of the Cold War. These adversaries raced to be the first to achieve spaceflight capabilities. The concept of space travel would provide an unprecedented experience and political might. Due to events in history at that time, military technologies aided advancements. The innovation resulted in creative ways to address fundamental questions, yet more importantly, would prove one nation dominate. Many extraordinary people pioneered this venture, including physicist and engineer Robert Goddard from the United States and Hermann Oberth, an Austro-Hungarian-born German physicist and engineer. In 1962, the United States achieved the first interplanetary flyby when Mariner 2 sped past Venus. Soon after, the Soviets sent the first woman into space, Valentina Tereshkova, in 1963. Additionally, other nations launched their rockets and satellites, including Canada in 1962, France in 1965, and Japan and China in 1970. The Russians led the race from Sputnik to the first Moon landing on July 16, 1969, when US astronauts Neil Armstrong and Erwin “Buzz” Aldrin touched down on the Moon’s surface. Each nation made incredible advancements. Hard work and great focus brought the dreams of space travel to reality.

Dr. Sarita Jain

India inherited a rich culture of art, architecture and sculpture as its heritage since the time of the Vedas. Even in the Pre-Vedic non-Aryan period in the artistic creations of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, the Indian ethos of love for artistic creativity is clearly visible. Rajasthani painting developed in Rajasthan and is considered as a bright chapter in the history of Hindu Miniature Painting of a high standard in north-western India. The paintings of Matsya region have acquired a unique place among Rajasthani paintings. The chieftains of this area gave impetus to this art. The engravings and paintings on ivory, bronze, wood, miniature paintings, hand-made paintings, amorous figures on the walls of palaces, monuments, buildings, museums speaks volumes of this art. The present paper analyses the rich cultural heritage of Rajasthan and in particular of Matsya region