American Research Journal of Physics

Avtar Singh Gill, MD 

Abstract: A summarized Gill’s electronic theory of magnetism (1964) shows diagrammatically and experimentally that a magnet has a negative magnetic pole and a positive magnetic pole. These two magnetic poles are also called the north and south magnetic poles owing to the direction of a magnetic compass on the surface of the Earth. The Tesla unit is explained with the help of Gill’s electronic theory of magnetism (1964) combined with Coulomb’s law (1784). An economical L-shaped electro-magnet will be used under the ‘Bullet Train’ and above the rail track. The rail track will also conduct a direct electric current on its surface. The exposed electron dependent negative magnetic pole under and at the train wheel level is repelled by the electrons flowing as a direct electric current on the surface of the rail track. This levitation of the ‘Bullet train’ results in loss of resistance between the train wheels and the rail track. Dot-product calculations will be offered for this levitation. The levitated train will be pulled longitudinally with the linear motor in front of the train which has the exposed proton dependent positive magnetic pole. The negative electron dependent direct electric current flow on the railway track results in attractional force between the proton (+e) dependent positive magnetic pole on the front of the train and the flowing electrons (-e) in the metallic strip on the surface of the railway track. While the ‘Bullet train’ is levitated and has minimal friction’, this longitudinal attractional force results in great speed. This will also be presented as a dot-product calculation. The linear motor on the front of the train is a flexible positive electro-magnetic pole of the electro-magnet which will help in varying the speed and direction of the ‘Bullet Train’. A brief discussion will follow offering the economical and mathematical advantages of the above ‘Bullet Train’ over the existing ‘Maglev system’. ‘Gill’s electronic theory of magnetism 1964’also shows that there is no asymmetry between the electrical and magnetic forces. 

F. M. El-Hossary1, N. Z. Negm1, A. M. Abd El-Rahman1,2, A. A. Abd El-Moula1, S.M. Khalil1,3,4*

Abstract: The aim of this work is to study the influence of the cooling rate on the properties of the modified surface layer of AISI 304 steel after rf plasma nitriding. The nitride samples were characterized by glow discharge optical spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Vickers microhardness measurements. The results revealed that microstructure, nitriding rate and surface microhardness values were found to be cooling rate dependent. The treated layer is mainly composed of nitrogen expanded austenite (γN), iron nitride (γ‘-Fe4 N) and chromium nitride (Corn). A maximum thickness of treated layer (19.9 µm) is achieved for sample treated at medium cooling rate of 900 Cm3 /min. It has a maximum surface hardness and nitriding rate of 1402 HV0.1 and 0.66 μm2 /s, respectively. 

M.Y. Salema, A.Z. Mohamed

Abstract: Transient creep experiments were inspected under several used stresses extended from 10 to 19.5 MPa for three ternary eutectic (Sn-3.5Ag- xIn) alloys, where x takes the values (x= 0.5, 1 and 1.5 In ). All tests at temperatures, ranging from 303 to 393 K. The transient creep is classified by εtr = βtn, where εtr and t are the transient creep strain and time. The exponent n was found to have values extended from 0.646 to 1.59 for Sn-3.5Ag-0.5In, ranging from 0.82 to 1.64 for the second alloy Sn-3.5Ag-1In, and finally it is ranging from 0.94 to 1.74 for Sn-3.5Ag-1.5In. The value of β was found to have values ranging between -14.38 to -7.2, -13.85 to -7, and -13.55 to -6.8 for the three alloys; the activation enthalpy shows that the operating mechanism controlling the tin process may be the grain bounding diffusion. Also, X-ray diffraction examination displays the permanence of both β-Sn rich phase and the intermetallic compound Ag3Sn and very little particles or residue from the intermetallic composition γ-In Sn4. 

Avtar Singh Gill 

Abstract: Curie point is reached according to Gill’s electronic theory of magnetism (1964) because of the increased inter-atomic distance at a certain high temperature for a particular metal which makes it impossible for some exposed electrons of a ferromagnetic atom to latch onto the exposed protons of the next atom to cause magnetization. This Curie point could be increased by applying a stronger external magnetic field. Meissner effect (1933) refers to the expulsion or squeezing out of an otherwise constant total magnetic flux from within the magnet to the outside on cooling of the magnet to a critical temperature as it results in less internal space. It will be shown that the concept of internal plus external magnetic flux as a constant is wrong and an alternative explanation will be presented to explain the Meissner experiment results obtained in 1933 with the help of Gill’s electronic theory of magnetism (the re-explained Meissner effect). Gill’s electronic theory of magnetism shows that the reduced inter-atomic distance of the magnetized chain inside the magnetized tin cylinder on cooling will result in a greater number of electrons of one atom to latch onto the protons of the next atom and so on. This increased magnetic force of attraction between exposed electrons and protons of adjacent magnetized atoms will prevent any expulsion of the increased intra-magnetic force along its length. There is greater magnetization of the tin cylinders resultant magnetic poles at the two ends due to reduced inter-atomic distance due to cooling resulting in the development of a stronger external magnetic force around the tin cylinder, with no change in the external applied external magnetic force and this is the correct Meissner effect. Levitation of the electron dependent north magnetic pole of a magnet in the Meissner experiment due to a dense layer of electrons on the tin surface will be addressed. Superconductivity will be explained by super-cooling leading to a greatly reduced inter-atomic distance leading to easy flow of the free outer valence electrons as they are experiencing near zero resistance while flowing from one atom to the next. These outer free electrons in a superconducting supercooled state will experience equal force from neighboring consecutive proton masses of consecutive atoms and thus are able to move freely with zero resistance. 

V.V. Apollonov1, Yu.P. Voinov2 

Abstract: A method for measuring and unambiguous interpretation of the results of measuring the speed of synchrotron radiation (speed of light) is developed.

Evgeny A. Novikov 

Abstract: Evolution of our universe with continuous production of matter by the vacuum, is described. The analysis is based on the quantum modification of the general relativity (Moger), supported by the cosmic data without fitting. Various types of matter are selected by the vacuum in accordance with stability of the developing universe. All laws of nature seem to be emergent and approximate, including the conservation of energy. The (3+1)-dimensional space-time and gravity were selected first. After that came quantum condensate of entangled gravitons (dark matter). Photons and other ordinary matter were selected much later during formation of galaxies, when the background condensate becomes gravitationally unstable. The effect of radiation on the global dynamics is described in terms of conservation of the enthalpy density. Mass of neutrino, as the first massive fermionic particle created from the background condensate, is estimated, in accord with experimental bound. The electric dipole moment of neutrino is also estimated. The oscillations of neutrinos are explained in terms of interaction with background condensate. The phenomena of quantum entanglement of ordinary matter are, apparently, inherited from the background condensate. The phenomena of subjective experiences are also explained in terms of interaction of the action potentials of neurons with the background dipolar condensate, which opens a new window into the dark sector of matter. The Moger theory goes beyond the Standard Model and the Quantum Field Theory and can be combined with their achievements.