American Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Emmanuel Yenkong Sobseh, PhD

This paper examines threats to peace and national unity posed by the challenges of cultural diversity and linguistic conflicts in Cameroon. Given the linguistic and cultural diversity of the country with its more than 250 ethnic groups and a colonial legacy of English and French cultures and languages, plus remnants of a German sub-stratum, the paper reaffirms that there are many potentials ingredients for conflicts in Cameroon. In view of persistence of internal conflicts, the absence of peace and security and the potential for the eruption of large-scale violent internal conflicts, there is urgent need for appropriate policies for managing cultural and linguistic conflicts in Cameroon. Our findings reveal that, to promote fruitful diversity of cultures and avoid linguistic conflicts, the Government of Cameroon must promote indigenous peoples’ cultures, formulate coherent language policies, safeguard endangered languages, preserve cultural heritage, encourage cultural production and linguistic research, and mobilize political will in applying the benefits of peace, science and technology to sustainable educational development. Using essentially the qualitativeapproach and consulting both primary and secondary sources, the study concludes that, the government of Cameroon must put in place structures and measures to mitigate the challenges posed by cultural diversity and linguistic conflicts in a bid to enhance social cohesion, peace and national unity in Cameroon. 

Pan Li-na, Guo Xiao-chun

COVID-19 has become a major issue that global governance needs to face. In the face of such a public issue, international publicity work is particularly important. Different countries often adopt different epidemic prevention methods according to different national conditions, which provides a target for international public opinion. Because of different epidemic prevention methods in China, the West sometimes has a kind of wrong market for malicious guidance of public opinion in China. The adjustment of foreign appropriate translation strategies is becoming more and more important in the international public opinion in the post epidemic era. Appropriate translation strategies can provide strong support for China’s post epidemic international discourse.

Ioannis Cholezas

Using Labour Force Survey data, the size and direction of the impact of education on employment prospects in Greece is explored along two axes: region and time. The findings suggest that educational attainment is always important across regions, but its impact on employment prospects varies along both axes. In general, more educated individuals enjoy an employment premium, but there are considerable differences across regions, especially with regards to higher levels of education, that should concern policy makers. Moreover, during the recession the employment premium of education decreased except for post-graduate studies which seem to be recession proof and, thus, a legitimate choice to improve one’s chances of being employed. 

Kossi AYENAGBO, PhD

This paper examines gender inequalities in the process of decentralization in Togo. Although women represent 51.4% of the Togolese population (GCPH, 2010), they are poorly represented in decision-making. The goal of this research is to analyze the impact of decentralization on women’s involvement and inclusion as development actors in the national and local spheres. Through a documentary review and interviews, we were able to collect necessary information regarding the decentralization process and women’s inclusion in Togo. The findings revealed women are poorly represented in decision-making bodies. The results of municipal elections, which are supposed to make decentralization effective, showed considerable imbalance between the number of women and men elected. This revealed the low inclusion of women in Togo’s decentralization process. Thus, so that women can better participate in the decentralization process, it is important that the Togolese government adopt policies that promote access for elected women to executive positions and promote, through training and awareness-raising workshops, female leadership in schools, universities and rural areas

Monira Begum

This study deals with YouTube as the most influencing source and a strong tool replacement of traditional media through the uploading and providing a vast number of health contents especially on Breast Cancer (BCa) for promoting health communication throughout the world. The study has been conducted with some specific objectives, including finding out the nature and qualities of these video contents on BCa, women’s involvement in searching these contents, and the sufficiency and effectiveness of these videos and content in creating awareness among women in Bangladesh. All the objectives are scrutinized in this study carefully. Moreover, the study observes that most women consider breast cancer as a non-communicable disease, which leads to a tougher situation for women taking treatment further. Importantly, this study finds a great correlation between what women want and what YouTube videos contents offer on this issue. Results of this study also show that most of the videos are enough to fulfill the respondents’ expectations, while these videos cover specialist advice including on treatment, symptoms, and causes of BCa mainly. A large proportion of the percentage reveals an enormous involvement of women searching video content on BCa with some activities, like viewing and commenting in the comment section. Most of the respondents of this study agreed that all the video contents are trustable, and hoping that YouTube will be a good doctoral site for women. From the positive aspects of the respondents in answering that this study proves the effectiveness of YouTube contents on BCa in creating awareness not only among women but also mass people, and thus makes a liquid health communication between mass media and mass people.

James Maiden, Ed.D.1, Phronie Jackson, Ph.D.2, Nathalie Mizelle, Ph.D.3

The mental health implications stemming from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic are still to be revealed. However, research suggests the outlook is quite concerning. The COVID-19 pandemic effect on communities of color has provided more attention and respect to African Americans’ need for mental health care. Racism worsens the adverse impacts of social determinants of health, causing health disparities for African Americans. This conceptual article explores COVID 19 and racism disproportionately affecting African Americans’ mental health and psychological well-being. The article also provides recommendations for mental health professionals to offer advocacy and to combat the problem.

Mitchell Saccone

The purpose of this study was to determine if a correlation exists between cognitive dissonance in high school, caused by conflicting experiences with others, and the development of discriminatory behavior and mindsets. Prior research shows that cognitive dissonance has been steadily increasing as America has become more diverse. Cognitive dissonance is a state of imbalance within one’s mind that is created when another’s notions, practices, beliefs, or more conflict with those of your own. The subconscious attempt to reduce this dissonance is the primary factor that is speculated to cause social discrimination. Data was collected through a survey in Google Forms. Multiple-choice questions were used for quantitative analysis and optional free-response questions were used for qualitative analysis. The population sample consisted of 40 high school students of various ethnicities. Over 50% of the participants showed high rates of dissonance and conflicting experiences, and a large majority recorded negative outward mental effects towards others. Therefore, the study concludes that dissonance plays a large role in fostering discriminatory development in teenagers. However, the smaller population sample may have skewed results in this direction. Future research should attempt to replicate this study and improve upon it by studying less diverse high schools in both rural and urban centers. 

Maksuda Khatun

All countries around the world take various crime prevention initiatives to control crime to safeguard the peaceful living of their citizens and ensure socio-economic development of the countries. This study aims at studying the nature and trend of crime in Bangladesh and examines the history, structure, operational management, functional process, and success of community policing. It also attempts to investigate the feasibility of practicing community policing in the Bangladeshi context. This study employs a descriptive qualitative research design to collect relevant data using secondary sources. The results show that Bangladesh has been practicing both formal and informal crime prevention mechanisms. Formal crime control uses the law and government agencies, such as police, courts, and prisons to deter crime; while informal crime control employs moral and social institutions such as the family, religion, peers, and neighborhood groups to prevent deviant behaviors. The study also finds that the rapid modernization and substantial urbanization subsided the informal social justice system and strengthen the formal legal institutions. Overall, community policing was found to be a feasible strategy to control crime in Bangladesh with some modification and by improving the existing structure.

Md. Abdul Kader

The paper examines the risk management practices of investors of Bangladesh, special attempts are made to understand and dissect the psychological predispositions of the investors of Bangladesh. In this paper, an attempt has been made to investigate the nature and types of investment risk management and analyze determinants of investment risk management from a psychological perspective that influences investors’ investmentdecision-making process. The objective of the study was to critically examine risk management practices of investors in Bangladesh i.e., types of risk, procedure, and techniques used to minimize the risk, etc. The paper also put forth some recommendations to overcome those psychological biases. Using secondary sources of data, this research employs qualitative research techniques to investigate the research questions. The study reveals that a significant number of investment risk management strategies are adopted and practiced by the investors in the investment decision-making process. The psychological perspective of investment risk management plays a key role in making those decisions. The study found significant support for the psychological impetus of the investment decision-making process. This paper also uses the context of Bangladesh where data fit into.

Dr. Indushekhar Upadhyay1, Dr. Jitendra Kumar Upadhyay2

Indian civilization is a mirror of nature, in which living, thoughts, disputes, religion, deeds, politics, business are all controlled by this great power. Recognizing the fragility of life, our ancestors divided life into four ashrams. In this, there was a rule to spend three celibacy, Vanaprastha and Sanyas in the midst of natural wealth. This thing was universally accepted and it is the rule of life to organize the means of attaining physical, mental, psychological and spiritual strength. By which man could keep the descent and climb of life under his control and in this way about 60 percent of the person’s life was spent near the forests. Our Vedic civilization also continued to give these feelings psychologically the form of religion and philosophy