American Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Masuda Wardak

This study investigates the role and effectiveness of a Learning Management System (LMS) in English as a Second Language (ESL) instruction at an English Language Institute in Saudi Arabia, highlighting both its pedagogical value and the challenges faced during implementation. As a digital platform designed for the administration, delivery, and monitoring of educational content, LMS demonstrated significant potential in supporting independent learning and enhancing access to instructional resources. However, its integration encountered various obstacles, including resistance from users, technical limitations, and gaps in training. Using data collected through instructor and student questionnaires as well as end-of-module reports, the study identifies key factors influencing LMS adoptionnamely, planning and organization, institutional support, instructor digital competencies, and learner motivation. Although many users acknowledged LMS as a valuable tool for promoting learner autonomy, its overall effectiveness was limited by a combination of technical, infrastructural, and pedagogical challenges. The findings underscore the importance of aligning technological tools with institutional capacity and user readiness. The paper concludes with practical recommendations to improve LMS integration in language education, offering insights for educators, administrators, and software developers aiming to enhance the digital learning experience in multilingual contexts.

Wilson Kiprono1, Kibet Ngetichi2, Wokabi Mwangi3

 This paper focuses mainly on the key challenges facing Child Witnesses that need to be fixed by the Witness Protection Program in Kenya. The study sought to achieve the following specific objectives: To examine parameters influencing protection of witnesses and find out if there are challenges in the Witness Protection Program with special reference to minors as witnesses. Study data was collected from Kenya’s criminal Justice agencies. Two methods of data collection were used. They include: in-depth interviewing and document analysis. The number of participants was determined by those who were likely to yield information being sought. Top five informants were selected from each eight selected agencies since they are better placed to give the relevant information. The study revealed that there is lack of training resources such as facilities, training institutions and trainers. The study further found out that there are no ideal infrastructural and communication facilities suitable for minor witnesses.  

Dr. Shri Krishan Rai1, Goutam Karmakar² 

A close reading of some of the poems of Keki N.daruwalla often projects his as a bard. He may be also called a repository of the legend of his reader and of the oral folk-lore. He has borrowed the tales from different epics, cultures and religion and put those into his verse to make his verse a telling commentary of different mythologies, legends and his verse has become philosophical and mythological in nature. In his poetry one can found tales from his Parsi background, from Hindu mythology and also from Greek, Islam, African and Judaism philosophy. But threads from Hindu mythology and Hindu philosophy are more prominent in him. In some pieces tales from Bible are also seen. As a result of all these his poetry becomes a medium through which he unveils many truth behind these mythologies and throws light on some particular Hindu philosophical foundations. Although he has a Parsi origin but the long time he spends in northern India allures him more to think about India and mythologies related to India. 

Roberto Flores De Apodaca1, Abigail M. Csik, Erica K. Odell, Jason R. O’Brien Erin R. Morris, Christopher W. Thorne 

The observed relationship between age and criminal behavior in the general population is widely regarded as one of the more venerable findings in the field of criminology (Fagan & Western, 2005; Sweeten, Steinberg & Piquero, 2013). This phenomenon, in which crime rates have been consistently observed to rise through adolescence, peak in the mid to late 20’s and decline steadily with age, has been routinely referred to as the Age-Crime Curve (ACC). While this broad correspondence between age and crime has been widely observed, the particular sub-components and co-variants of this relationship are less well understood and have come under increasing investigation (Pratt & Cullen, 2005). The current study continued in this progression by examining the ACC arrest trajectories of various property versus violent crimes, as well as the relative pattern of specific crimes within those broad, categorical trajectories using state-wide arrest data, over the course of 7 years (2007-2013) compiled by the California State Department of Justice (CSDOJ). Our most fundamental finding was that Property and Violent crimes, in toto, conformed to the classic description of the ACC. Chi-Square analyses showed that Burglary and Robbery showed significantly different trajectories from their Property and Violent counterparts, respectively. Burglary arrests actually go down from the <20 category to the 20-29 age category. Although not as dramatically steep as Burglary, Robbery also showed a decline from the earliest (<20) to the next category (20-39). These findings challenge the invariance hypothesis of the ACC. Future researchers may want to include all forms of arrests in investigating ACC trajectories as well as analyze the data with different categorizations of age, or with no age categorizations at all; examining more nuanced relationships between aging and criminal conduct.

Kolade Janet Tolulope1, Dennis Uba Donald2

The study investigated emotional intelligence and social support as predicators of life satisfaction among hospital workers in Lagos, State, Nigeria. The purpose of his study is to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence, and social support as predictors of life satisfaction among hospital workers. Life satisfaction was explained using Veenhoven‟s (1984) Quality of Life (QOL) Model; Emotional Intelligence was explained with the Emotional Intelligence Model by Salovey. Two direct research hypotheses were formulated. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted in the study. Participants (hospital workers) across various grades of each of the selected hospital were accidentally sampled. The dependent variable is life satisfaction. The predictor variables are emotional intelligence, and social support. This study was conducted using, expost facto factorial design since it attempted to explain effect based on precursory condition, to determine the influence of a variable on another variable. Doctors and nurses in Lagos state metropolis, Nigeria constitutes the population of this study. The result of the study indicated that emotional intelligence significantly predicted life satisfaction (β= 0.473, p < 0.01). The result confirmed hypothesis 1, therefore, the hypothesis was accepted. The prediction of life satisfaction by social support was significant (β= 0.872, p < 0.01). The finding confirm hypothesis 2 and it was accepted. The result also indicated that emotional intelligence, and social support jointly contributed a significant variance of 84.6% to the total variance noted in life satisfaction among health workers [F (2, 183) = 242.342, p < 0.01]. Based on the findings of this study, the researcher recommends as that healthcare practice needs more evidence that is proved by scientific research results in other to establish a cause and effect relationship among study variables. 

Ercan Karakoc1, Osman Yildiz

Computer technologies, improved in the lights of space studies that is started after World War II affects many field, it is assumed as a start of unmanning as well. Unmanned vehicles sent into space made it possible to use these technologies in the earth. Thus, it is assumed that technology of processor will have been able to arrive the capacity of the way that human brain processes by 2030s. Especially, the heavy losses of countries and so the nation during the Second World War, increased the importance of unmanning that the big states gives on the military field, have caused them to focus on this field. Armies have started the regime of the skilled and professional staff that will be able to use the technology imparted with the unmanning, in conclusion of this; they have given more importance of the infantry branch. In this respect, the capacity of the infantry branch, which is the oldest military branch, has increased and the other military branches that has been parted from the infantry branch in the last century has turned out to be planned being inserted in the infantry branch. Nowadays another reason for that of the infantry branch has become important, is that people has started to live mostly in cities. It is estimated that the percentage of world urbanization which was %60 in 2010s, will have been %80 by 2030s. In this study, it will be examined how the unmanning in military field shapes the infantry branch and Turkey will compare with USA which is the leading force about unmanning. 

FasikaTadesse1, Shemelis Zewdie2 & Temesgen Dagne3 

Education is one of the social factors where by gender disparity is reflected. In the field of education, the number of educated females is very low. As the grade level in school increases the number of female students starts to decline because of lots of factors. Consequently, higher education remains an area of learning from which women are less represented both as a student and staff. The main objective of this research is to identifying factors affecting female students’ academic achievement in Aberuswolkite high school. To do so, to make the sample representative enough; the study used were used as the main tool of data gathering instrument. The findings of this study shows that the decreasing in enrolment, increasing in dropout and class repetition from time to simple random sampling technique school female students through lottery method and purposive sampling techniques for school directors and city education head officer. The study is descriptive type research. Primary and secondary data were used as data source. Questionnaire and structured interview time and different causes were identified such as female students were took household responsibility, and inadequate support from their family, lack of teachers instructional support(regular tutor for female students), inadequate guidance and counseling. All these taken as caused female students poor academic performance in the study area. The core issues were pointed out in the conclusion part of the study and the researcher recommendations are: Motivation program should be organized, Training program should be designed, sufficient budget should allocated, sufficient time should given for female students to do their home work. And the study will help all concerned bodies to understand the causes of the problem under investigation and they should try to solve the problem effectively. 

Olawale, S.B1, Lawal, A.A2, Alabi, J. O3

This paper appraises the Nigerian housing policies from1999 till date vis-à-vis the place of the low - income earners in the policy in having access to affordable housing and decent accommodation as entrenched in the National Housing Policies. The study relies on existing pool of data that has been on by varying number of authors and other literature material published and unpublished. Government gazettes and other policy documents relating to the theme of the study were reviewed. The study method is largely desk top in nature. Virtually all literatures reviewed revealed that despite the laudability of these policies, the policies are structurally deficient as there exit no categorical statements that can adequately help the poor in meeting their housing needs. Where statements exist , event over the years have shown that no government at the three tiers level of government has come up with concrete programs in bringing into reality the desires of the poor to be decently accommodated. Where such policy programs exist, they are only meant for the poor on paper and as a political gimmick. In reality such programs end up more beneficial to the rich at the expense of the low income earners. The study recommends among other things, that government should remove all administrative bottle necks in the policy for ease implementation. 

Zhang Zhiquan1, Jieyin2 

Class student achievement "increase" is affected by multiple factors, include not only schools, teachers, families, but also include the students themselves. the researchers assumed class teacher were the most important factor in affecting students ‘ academic achievement increase and devoted to discuss class teacher’s academic qualifications, job title, career age ,gender’s impact on students. Through collecting data of six thousand students (include data of their family), five hundred teachers and sixty schools, using Spss and HLM software for analysis. We get the conclusion that family background, school size, especially teacher education, gender, age, title have significant effect on students' academic achievement increase.